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Asian dating - Danish raids also occurred sporadically along many coastal parts of Devon between around 800AD and just before the time of the Norman conquest, including the silver mint at Hlidaforda in 997 and Taintona a settlement on the estuary in 1001.

For other uses, see. It is part of , bounded by to the west, to the northeast, and to the east. The City of is the ; seven other districts of , , , , , , and are under the jurisdiction of ; and are each a part of Devon but administered as. Combined as a , Devon's area is 6,707 km 2 2,590 square miles and its population is about 1. Devon derives its name from , which, during the , , and was the homeland of the Celts. The resulted in the partial assimilation of Dumnonia into the Kingdom of during the eighth and ninth centuries. The western boundary with Cornwall was set at the by in 936. Devon was constituted as a of the thereafter. The north and south coasts of Devon each have both cliffs and sandy shores, and the county's contain , fishing towns, and ports. The inland terrain is , generally hilly, and has a low population density in comparison to many other parts of England. To the north of Dartmoor are the and. In the valleys and lowlands of south and east Devon the soil is more fertile, drained by rivers including the , the , the , the , and the. As well as , much of the is linked with. The comparatively mild climate, coastline and landscape give rise to Devon as a destination for , with visitors particularly attracted to the Dartmoor and Exmoor ; its coasts, including the resort towns along the south coast known collectively as the , the , and ; and the countryside including the. Among the most common Devon placenames is -combe which derives from Brittonic cwm meaning 'valley' usually prefixed by the name of the possessor. The term Devonshire may have originated around the 8th century, when it changed from Dumnonia to Defenascir. Human occupation at in Torquay had produced human remains from 30—40,000 years ago. The Romans held the area under military occupation for around 350 years. Later, the area began to experience Saxon incursions from the east around 600 AD, firstly as small bands of settlers along the coasts of and southern estuaries and later as more organised bands pushing in from the east. Devon became a frontier between and , and it was largely absorbed into Wessex by the mid 9th century. This suggests the Anglo-Saxon migration into Devon was limited rather than a mass movement of people. The border with Cornwall was set by King on the east bank of the in 936 AD. Danish raids also occurred sporadically along many coastal parts of Devon between around 800AD and just before the time of the Norman conquest, including the silver mint at Hlidaforda in 997 and Taintona a settlement on the estuary in 1001. Devon has also featured in most of the civil conflicts in England since the , including the , 's rising in 1497, the of 1549, and the. The arrival of to launch the of 1688 took place at. Devon has produced , copper and other metals from ancient times. Devon's tin miners enjoyed a substantial degree of independence through Devon's , which dates back to the 12th century. The last recorded sitting was in 1748. Main article: Like neighbouring to the west, historically Devon has been disadvantaged economically compared to other parts of , owing to the decline of a number of core industries, notably fishing, mining and farming. Agriculture has been an important industry in Devon since the 19th century. The harmed the farming community severely. Since then some parts of the agricultural industry have begun to diversify and recover, with a strong local food sector and many artisan producers. Nonetheless in 2015 the dairy industry was still suffering from the low prices offered for wholesale milk by major dairies and especially large supermarket chains. Part of the seafront of , south Devon, at high tide. The attractive lifestyle of the area is drawing in new industries which are not heavily dependent upon geographical location; , for instance, has recently seen a significant rise in the percentage of its inhabitants involved in the financial services sector. The , the UK's national and international weather service, moved to Exeter in 2003. Plymouth hosts the head office and first ever store of , the only major national retail chain headquartered in Devon. Since the rise of seaside resorts with the arrival of the railways in the 19th century, Devon's economy has been heavily reliant on tourism. The county's economy followed the declining trend of British seaside resorts since the mid-20th century, but with some recent revival and regeneration of its resorts, particularly focused around camping; sports such as surfing, cycling, sailing and heritage. This revival has been aided by the designation of much of Devon's countryside and coastline as the Dartmoor and national parks, and the and World Heritage Sites. In 2004 the county's tourist revenue was £1. More successful visitor attractions are particularly concentrated on food and drink, the South West Coast Path and watersports, including sea-view restaurants in North-West Devon such as one example belonging to ; surfing there, indoor and outdoor folk music festivals across the county and sailing in the 5-mile 8. Incomes vary significantly and the average is bolstered by a high proportion of affluent retired people from across Europe's major cities, particularly from the rest of England. Incomes in much of the South Hams and in villages surrounding Exeter and Plymouth are above the national average. The claimant count of the unemployed and people receiving very low incomes is close to the national average of 4. Their exurbs and rural villages contribute to low unemployment in the administrative county as shown below. The table also shows the population change in the ten years to the 2011 census by subdivision. It can be seen that the most populous district of Devon is but only if excluding which has marginally more residents and which has approximately double the number of residents of either of these. Population from census to census. Claimants of JSA or Income Support Unit JSA or Inc. Other intercity services are operated by north to , , , , and south to Plymouth and Penzance, and ,operating services between and via the. All Devon services are diesel-hauled, since there are no electrified lines in the county. The needs to be reopened to connect and to the rest of the UK railway system on an all weather basis. There are proposals to reopen the line from to for a through service to Plymouth. On the night of 4 February 2014, amid high winds and extremely rough seas, part of the at was breached washing away around 40 metres 130 ft of the wall and the ballast under the railway immediately behind. The line was closed. In the wake of widespread disruption caused by damage to the mainline track at Dawlish by coastal storms in February 2014, Network Rail are considering reopening the Tavistock to and Exeter section of the line as an alternative to the coastal route. This includes the delivery of , plus four new stations including as a priority. Air is a base for. Destinations include , , , and. Devon straddles and so has two separate coastlines, on the and in the north, and on the in the south. The runs along the entire length of both, around 65% of which is named as. Before the changes to English counties in 1974, Devon was the by area and the largest of the counties not divided into county-like divisions only Yorkshire and Lincolnshire were larger and both were sub-divided into ridings or parts, respectively. Since 1974 the county is ranked fourth by area due to the creation of Cumbria and is the. The island of and the reef of are also in Devon. The county has more mileage of road than any other county in England. Inland, the lies wholly in Devon, and the National Park lies in both Devon and. Apart from these areas of high moorland the county has attractive rolling rural scenery and villages with cottages. All these features make Devon a popular destination. In the landscape consists of rolling hills dotted with small towns, such as , , , , and. The towns of and are the principal on the south coast. East Devon has the first seaside resort to be developed in the county, and the more upmarket Georgian town of , headquarters of the East Devon District Council. Exmouth marks the western end of the. Another notable feature is the between Newton Abbot and the Exe Estuary: the red sandstone cliffs and sea views are very dramatic and in the resorts railway line and beaches are very near. Torquay sea front during Storm Emma - March 2018 is very rural with few major towns except , , and. Its sister cliff is the 218 m 715 ft Little Hangman, which marks the western edge of coastal Exmoor. One of the features of the North Devon coast is that and the peninsula are both west-facing, Atlantic facing coastlines; so that a combination of an off-shore east wind and an Atlantic swell produce excellent surfing conditions. The beaches of Bideford Bay , , and , along with parts of North Cornwall and South Wales, are the main centres of surfing in Britain. A geological dividing line cuts across Devon roughly along the line of the and the M5 motorway east of Tiverton and Exeter. It is a part of the broadly dividing Britain into a southeastern lowland zone typified by gently dipping and a northwestern upland zone typified by and folded sedimentary and. The principal geological components of Devon are the in north Devon, south west Devon and extending into Cornwall ; the north western Devon also extending into north Cornwall ; and the of in central Devon, part of the forming the 'spine' of the southwestern peninsula. There are small remains of pre-Devonian rocks on the south Devon coast. The oldest rocks which can be dated are those of the Devonian period which are approximately 395—345 million years old. Sandstones and shales were deposited in North and South Devon beneath tropical seas. In shallower waters, limestone beds were laid down in the area now near Torquay and Plymouth. This geological period was named after Devon by and in the 1840s and is the only British county whose name is used worldwide as a geological time period. Devon's second major rock system is the Culm Measures, a geological formation of the period that occurs principally in Devon and. The measures are so called either from the occasional presence of a soft, sooty coal, which is known in Devon as culm, or from the contortions commonly found in the beds. This formation stretches from to in Cornwall, and contributes to a gentler, greener, more rounded landscape. It is also found on the western, north and eastern borders of Dartmoor. The sedimentary rocks in more eastern parts of the county include and sandstones giving rise to east Devon's well known fertile red soils ; Bunter around Budleigh Salterton and Woodbury Common and rocks in the easternmost parts of Devon. Smaller outcrops of younger rocks also exist, such as Cretaceous cliffs at Beer Head and gravels on Haldon, plus and and deposits in the Bovey Basin, formed around 50 million years ago under tropical forest conditions. Climate This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged and. March 2010 Devon generally has a mild climate, heavily influenced by the. In winter snow is relatively uncommon away from high land, although there are exceptions, such as the snowfalls of , , and March 2018. The county has warm summers with occasional hot spells and cool rainy periods. Winters are generally mild and the county often experiences some of the mildest winters in the world for its latitude, with average daily maximum temperatures in January approaching 10 °C 50 °F. Rainfall varies significantly across the county, ranging from over 2,000 mm 79 in on parts of Dartmoor, to around 750 mm 30 in in the along the coast in southeastern Devon and around Exeter. Sunshine amounts also vary widely: the moors are generally cloudy, but the SE coast from Salcombe to Exmouth is one of the sunniest parts of the UK. In summer, easterly or southeasterly winds mean the area around Saunton and Croyde often records among the highest temperatures in Britain, exceeding 32 °C 90 °F about twice every decade. Similarly, with westerly or southwesterly winds and high pressure the area around Torbay and Teignmouth will often be very warm, with long sunny spells due to shelter by high ground. Climate data for Devon Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C °F 8 46 8 46 10 50 12 54 15 59 18 64 19 66 19 66 18 64 15 59 11 52 9 48 13. The variety of habitats means that there is a wide range of wildlife see , for example. A popular challenge among is to find over 100 species in the county in a day. The has reserves in the county, and is responsible for over 200 Devon and , such as. The was founded in 1984 to help conserve bats. Wildlife found in this area extend to a plethora of different kinds of insects, butterflies and moths; an interesting butterfly to take look at is the. The botany of the county is very diverse and includes some rare species not found elsewhere in the British Isles other than Cornwall. Devon is divided into two : north and south, the boundary being an irregular line approximately across the higher part of Dartmoor and then along the canal eastwards. Botanical reports begin in the 17th century and there is a Flora Devoniensis by Jones and Kingston in 1829. A general account appeared in 1906 , and a Flora of Devon was published in 1939 by and Fraser. An Atlas of the Devon Flora by Ivimey-Cook appeared in 1984, and A New Flora of Devon, based on field work undertaken between 2005 and 2014, was published in 2016. Rising temperatures have led to Devon becoming the first place in modern Britain to cultivate commercially. Headquarters for Devon County Council. The administrative centre and capital of Devon is the city of. The largest city in Devon, , and the conurbation of which includes the largest town in Devon and capital of Torbay, , as well as and have been since 1998, separate from the remainder of Devon which is administered by for the purposes of local government. Devon County Council is controlled by the Conservatives, and the political representation of its 62 councillors are: 38 , 9 , seven , four , three and one. At the , Devon returned 11 Conservatives and one Labour MP from its through first-past-the-post. The county is represented in the wider , which returned two UKIP, two Conservative, one Labour and one Green at the using the of. The inner harbour, , south Devon, at low tide. The main settlements in Devon are the cities of , a historic port now administratively independent, , the , and , the county's tourist centre. Devon's coast is lined with tourist resorts, many of which grew rapidly with the arrival of the railways in the 19th century. Examples include , and on the south coast, and and on the north. The Torbay conurbation of , and on the south coast is now administratively independent of the county. Rural in the county include , , , , , , and. The boundary with Cornwall has not always been on the River Tamar as at present: until the late 19th century a few parishes in the Torpoint area were in Devon and five parishes now in north-east Cornwall were in Devon until 1974. However, for ecclesiastical purposes these were nevertheless in the and in 1876 became part of the. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. The region was less Romanised than the rest of since it was considered a remote province. The Romans left the region around AD 410, this is when one of the leading Dumnonii families attempted to create a dynasty and rules over Devon as the Kings of Dumnonii. Many are commemorated also in Devon in legends, churches and placenames. The position of churches bearing his name, including one within the old Roman walls of , are nearly always near the coast, reminding us that in those days travelling was done mainly by sea. The Devonian villages of and are also named after Saint Petroc and the is dedicated to him. The history of Christianity in the South West of England remains to some degree obscure. Parts of the historic county of Devon formed part of the diocese of Wessex, while nothing is known of the church organisation of the Celtic areas. About 703 Devon and Cornwall were included in the separate diocese of Sherborne and in 900 this was again divided into two, the Devon bishop having from 905 his seat at Tawton now and from 912 at , birthplace of St Boniface. The two dioceses of Crediton and Cornwall, covering Devon and Cornwall, were permanently united under by 's successor , hitherto Bishop of Crediton, who became first Bishop of Exeter under , which was established as his cathedral city in 1050. At first, the abbey church of St Mary and St Peter, founded by Athelstan in 932 and rebuilt in 1019, served as the cathedral. Later history In 1549, the caused the deaths of thousands of people from Devon and Cornwall. During the , churches in Devon officially became affiliated with the. From the late sixteenth century onwards, zealous Protestantism — or 'puritanism' — became increasingly well-entrenched in some parts of Devon, while other districts of the county remained much more conservative. These divisions would become starkly apparent during the English Civil War of 1642—46, when the county split apart along religious and cultural lines. The of proved to be very popular with the working classes in Devon in the 19th century. Methodist chapels became important social centres, with male voice choirs and other church-affiliated groups playing a central role in the social lives of working class Devonians. Methodism still plays a large part in the religious life of Devon today, although the county has shared in the post-World War II decline in British religious feeling. The remains the Anglican diocese including the whole of Devon. The was established in the mid 19th century. Judaism Despite its small Jewish population, Devon is also noted for containing two of Britain's oldest synagogues, located in and , built in 1762 and 1763 respectively. The of Devon County Council. There was no established for the county until 1926: the arms of the City of were often used to represent Devon, for instance in the badge of the. During the forming of a county council by the adoption of a common seal was required. The seal contained three shields depicting the arms of Exeter along with those of the first chairman and vice-chairman of the council and the. On 11 October 1926, the county council received a grant of arms from the. The main part of the shield displays a red crowned lion on a silver field, the arms of. The chief or upper portion of the shield depicts an ancient ship on wavers, for Devon's seafaring traditions. The motto adopted was Auxilio Divino by Divine aid , that of Sir. The 1926 grant was of arms alone. On 6 March 1962 a further grant of crest and supporters was obtained. This distinctive form of crown is formed from the sails and sterns of ships, and is associated with the. The supporters are a and a sea lion. Flag Main article: Devon also has its own flag which has been dedicated to , a local with dedications throughout Devon and neighbouring counties. The flag was adopted in 2003 after a competition run by. The winning design was created by website contributor Ryan Sealey, and won 49% of the votes cast. The colours of the flag are those popularly identified with Devon, for example, the colours of , the team, and the Green and White flag flown by the first at the now on view at the Teign Valley Museum , as well as one of the county's teams,. On 17 October 2006, the flag was hoisted for the first time outside County Hall in Exeter to mark Local Democracy Week, receiving official recognition from the county council. The beach at , North Devon, looking north towards the shared of the rivers and. Both 'coombe' valley or hollow, cf. Welsh cwm, Cornish komm and 'tor' Old Welsh twrr and Scots Gaelic tòrr from Latin turris; 'tower' used for granite formations are rare and their frequency is greatest in Devon which shares a boundary with speaking Cornwall. Ruined medieval settlements of indicate that dispersed rural settlement OE tun, now often -ton was very similar to that found in Cornish 'tre-' settlements, however these are generally described with the local placename - a cott, from the Old English for homestead, cf. Saxon endings in -worthy from Anglo-Saxon worthig indicate larger settlements. Several 'Bere's indicate Anglo-Saxon wood groves, as 'leighs' indicate clearings. Devon has a variety of festivals and traditional practices, including the traditional orchard-visiting in every 17 January, and the carrying of flaming tar barrels in , where people who have lived in Ottery for long enough are called upon to celebrate by running through the village and the gathered crowds with flaming barrels on their backs. Main article: Devon has a mostly system. There are 37 state and 23 independent secondary schools. There are three tertiary colleges and an , near. Torbay has 8 state with 3 and 3 independent secondary schools, and Plymouth has 17 state with 3 grammar schools — two female and one male and one independent school,. East Devon and Teignbridge have the largest school populations, with West Devon the smallest with only two schools. Only one school in Exeter, Mid Devon, Torridge and North Devon have a — the schools in other districts mostly have sixth forms, with all schools in West Devon and East Devon having a sixth form. Two universities are located in Devon, the split between the and , both in Exeter, and a campus in ; in Plymouth the in Britain is present, along with the to the city's north. The universities of Exeter and Plymouth have together formed the which has bases in Exeter and Plymouth. Main article: The county has given its name to a number of culinary specialities. In Australia, is a name for luncheon meat processed ham. In October 2008, Devon was awarded Fairtrade County status by the. Devon has been home to a number of customs, such as its own form of , similar in some ways to. As recently as the 19th century, a crowd of 17,000 at Devonport, near , attended a match between the champions of Devon and Cornwall. Another Devon sport was which was played in some regions until the 20th century e. Devon has three professional football teams, based in each of its most populous towns and cities. As of the , compete in the third tier of English professional football , compete in the fourth tier , while compete in the the fifth tier. Plymouth's highest Football League finish was fourth in the , which was achieved twice, in 1932 and 1953. Torquay and Exeter have never progressed beyond the third tier of the league; Torquay finished second on in the behind Sir 's in 1957. Exeter's highest position has been eighth in the. The county's biggest non-league clubs are which competes in the , and which is in the. One club — play in the , winning the title in 2017 for the first time in their history after beating in the final 23-20. In basketball, play in the. There are five teams in Devon. They all play in the. Devon also boasts a club who play in the , the Horse Racing, particularly racing and Racing is also popular in the county, with two National Hunt racecourses Exeter and Newton Abbot , and numerous point to point courses. There are also many successful professional racehorse trainers based in Devon. The county is represented in by , who play at a level. John Oxenham 1536—1580 was a lieutenant of Drake but considered a pirate by the Spanish. Morton wrote a 1637 book New English Canaan about his experiences, partly in verse, and may have thereby become America's first poet to write in English. Another famous mariner and Devonian was , the leader of the unfortunate to reach the geographical. The poet , the crime writer and the poet lived in Devon his funeral and cremation were held there. The painter and founder of the , , was born in Devon. The singer was brought up in Devon and frontman from the British rock group was born there. Dave Hill of rock band was born in which is in the South Hams district of Devon. Singer-songwriter grew up in , a small town in Devon. Another famous Devonian is the model and actress , who was born in and raised in. The singer and songwriter was born and raised in Exmouth. Swimmer and diver were born in Plymouth. The Olympic runner was born in Honiton. The dog breeder was also from Devon. Retrieved 13 November 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2017. Archived from on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2016. The University of Birmingham. Retrieved 30 June 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2016. The Isles: A History. Retrieved 13 November 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016. Archived from on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2008. The Mid Devon Gazette. Retrieved 18 July 2016. 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Retrieved 14 June 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2008. Pirates of the Americas. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. Containing an abstract of New England, composed in three bookes. The first booke setting forth the originall of the natives, their manners and customes, together with their tractable nature and love towards the English. The second booke setting forth the naturall indowments of the country, and what staple commodities it yealdeth. The third booke setting forth, what people are planted there, their prosperity, what remarkable accidents have happened since the first planting of it, together with their tenents and practise of their church. Written by Thomas Morton of Cliffords Inne gent, upon tenne yeares knowledge and experiment of the country. Retrieved 13 November 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2014. Archived from on 30 March 2007. Retrieved 31 August 2008. Exeter: University of Exeter Press.